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鋰電池電解液類型介紹

2022-11-07

鋰電池

鋰電池電解液類型介紹:

1、鋰電池的液體電解液

鋰電池電解液的選擇對鋰離子電池的性能影響很大。它必須具有良好的化學穩(wěn)定性,特別是在較高電位和較高溫度的環(huán)境中,不易分解,具有較高的離子電導率 (C10-3scm),并且陽極和陰極材料必須是惰性的,不能侵占它們。由于鋰離子電池具有高充放電電勢,并且負極材料中嵌入了具有高化學活性的鋰,因此電解質(zhì)必須使用有機化合物,并且不能包含水。然而,有機物的離子電導率不好,因此應在有機溶劑中加入可溶性導電鹽以提高離子電導率。目前,鋰離子電池主要使用液體電解質(zhì),其溶劑為無水有機物。

2、鋰電池的固體電解質(zhì)

鋰電池用金屬鋰直接使用陽極材料具有很高的可逆容量,其理論容量高達3862 mAh-g-1,是石墨材料的十倍以上,價格也較低。它被認為是新一代鋰離子電池具吸引力的負極材料,但會產(chǎn)生樹枝狀鋰。使用固體電解質(zhì)作為離子傳導可以抑制樹枝狀鋰的生長,使金屬鋰用作陽極材料成為可能。此外,使用固體電解質(zhì)可以避免液體電解質(zhì)泄漏的缺點,電池可以制成更薄 (厚度只有0.1毫米) 的能量密度更高、體積更小的高能電池。破壞性實驗表明,固態(tài)鋰離子電池具有很高的安全性能。液體電解質(zhì)鋰離子電池經(jīng)過釘子穿透,加熱 (200C),短路和過度充電 (600%) 等破壞性實驗后,會出現(xiàn)漏液和爆炸等安全問題,而固態(tài)電池除了內(nèi)部溫度略有升高 (<20 ℃) 外,沒有其他安全問題。固體聚合物電解質(zhì)具有柔韌性好、成膜性好、穩(wěn)定性好、成本低等特點。它既可以用作正負電極間隔物,也可以用作離子轉(zhuǎn)移電解質(zhì)。


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