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鋰電池的電解液添加劑有哪些?

2022-11-07

鋰電池

鋰電池的電解液添加劑有哪些:

1、成膜添加劑

優(yōu)異的SEI膜具有有機溶劑不耐受性,允許鋰離子電池的離子在溶劑分子無法通過的情況下自由進出電極,從而防止了溶劑分子的共插入對電極的破壞,并提高電池的循環(huán)效率和可逆容量。主要分為無機成膜助劑 (SO2、CO2、CO、鹵化鋰等小分子) 和有機成膜助劑 (氟、氯、有氣味的碳酸鹽等),借助鹵素原子的吸電子效應,提高中心原子的發(fā)電能力,使添加劑在較高電位條件下減少并有效鈍化電極表面,形成穩(wěn)定的SEI膜。在鋰離子電池的非水電解質中添加微量苯甲醚或其鹵代衍生物可以改善電池的循環(huán)性能,并減少電池的不可逆容量損失。

2、導電添加劑

對添加劑提高電解質電導率的研究主要集中在改善導電鋰鹽的溶解和電離以及防止溶劑共插入對電極的破壞。

按其作用類型可分為陽離子相互作用類型  、陰離子相互作用類型 和電解質離子相互作用類型 。

3、阻燃添加劑

作為商業(yè)應用,鋰離子電池的安全性仍然是制約其應用發(fā)展的重要因素。鋰離子電池存在許多安全隱患,例如充電電壓高,電解質大多是有機可燃物。如果使用不當,電池將很危險甚至爆炸。因此,提高電解液的穩(wěn)定性是提高鋰離子電池安全性的重要方法。給電池加一些高沸點、高閃點和不易燃的溶劑可以提高電池的安全性。

4、過充保護添加劑

已經對使用氧化還原對的內部保護方法進行了廣泛的研究。這種方法的原理是在電解液中加入合適的氧化還原對。該氧化還原對在正常充電期間不參與任何化學反應或電化學反應,并且當電池充滿電或略高于該值時,添加劑開始在正極上氧化,然后擴散到負極發(fā)生還原反應,如下式所示。

正極: R>O ne-負極: O+ne-→ R佳過充電保護添加劑應具有4.2-4.3V的截止電壓,以滿足鋰離子電池大于4V的要求??偟膩碚f,這部分研究工作還需要進一步研究。


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