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鋰電池電解液的發(fā)展方向

2022-09-09

鋰電池

鋰電池有機(jī)電解液污染小且能提供穩(wěn)定的鋰離子源,使其得到快速發(fā)展,但液態(tài)有機(jī)電解液與正負(fù)相互兼容并在濫用分解氣體等惡劣條件下,導(dǎo)致電池結(jié)構(gòu)損壞,嚴(yán)重時甚至發(fā)生爆炸和火災(zāi)。因此,有必要在液態(tài)有機(jī)電解質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。

目前,各研發(fā)單位和機(jī)構(gòu)主要專注于電解液系統(tǒng):實(shí)現(xiàn)有機(jī)電解液大電流、聚合物電解液。

1、全固態(tài)聚合物電解質(zhì):都是離子導(dǎo)體,一般要求離子電導(dǎo)率高,電子電導(dǎo)率低,活化能低。利用具有高離子電導(dǎo)率的固體電解質(zhì)作為隔板,可以制備全固態(tài)電池,這將大大提高電動汽車和大容量儲能電池中鋰離子電池的安全性。

2、凝膠聚合物電解質(zhì):凝膠是一種特殊的分散體系,分散的顆粒直徑在1nm ~ 100nm之間,其中膠體顆?;蚓酆衔锓肿酉嗷ミB接,建立起架子,形成空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu),液體或氣體填充在結(jié)構(gòu)間隙中。它的性質(zhì)介于固體和液體之間,從外觀上看,它變成固體或半固體的形狀,有彈性;但又不完全像真正的固體,它的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)往往強(qiáng)度有限,容易破壞。

3、凝膠聚合物電解質(zhì):由于聚合物的良好加工性能,以及液體電解質(zhì)的高離子電導(dǎo)率,連續(xù)生產(chǎn),安全性高,不僅可以充當(dāng)隔膜,還可以替代液體電解質(zhì),再加上聚合物的熱塑性和成行技術(shù),使凝膠聚合物電池可以制成多種形狀。


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