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鋰電池電解液的危害處理方法

2022-08-24

鋰電池

鋰電池電解液是鋰離子電池的“血液”,起著在電池正負(fù)極之間傳導(dǎo)電子的作用,是鋰離子電池高壓、高比能等優(yōu)點(diǎn)的保證。電解液一般由高純有機(jī)溶劑、鋰電解液鹽、必要的添加劑等原料,在一定條件下,按一定比例配制而成。

一、鋰電池電解液的危害

1、健康危害

侵入途徑:吸入、攝入、經(jīng)皮吸收。

健康危害:本品為輕度刺激物和麻醉劑。吸入會引起頭痛、頭暈、虛弱、惡心、呼吸困難等。液體或高濃度蒸汽有刺激性。口服會刺激胃腸,長期接觸刺激皮膚。

2、毒理學(xué)資料和環(huán)境行為

毒性:估計可通過胃腸道、皮膚和呼吸道進(jìn)入人體,毒性中等。

危險特性:易燃易爆,遇明火、高熱有燃燒危險。蒸汽比空氣重,可以在較低的水平上擴(kuò)散到相當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)的距離,遇明火會引著回燃。

燃燒(分解)產(chǎn)物:一氧化碳、二氧化碳。

二、鋰電池電解液的處理技術(shù)

1、液氮條件下回收電解液

處理電解液過程中采用碳酸丙烯酯(PC)回收電解液;PC釋放率高,2h后電解液可完全去除。為避免火災(zāi)和爆炸,在液氮的保護(hù)下,將廢電池切開,去除活性物質(zhì)。將活性物質(zhì)浸泡在PC等電解液溶劑中一段時間,使電解液浸出,然后在惰性氣氛中過濾??梢曰厥赵倮枚啻?。根據(jù)情況對回收的電解液進(jìn)行凈化,回收LiPF6。

2、高溫?zé)峤鈸]發(fā)電解液

目前,大多數(shù)的實驗研究對電解液不夠重視,而采用高溫?zé)峤饣蜢褵匿囯姵?,由于電解液的發(fā)熱溶液溫度較低(約180℃),使電解液分解揮發(fā)自如。在熱解過程中,電解液產(chǎn)生HF、LiF等有毒氣體。在大規(guī)模鋰電池回收的過程中,需要增加尾氣的二次處理。

3、堿溶液處理

將單電池浸泡在稀堿性水中,電解液產(chǎn)生的HF反應(yīng)如下:HF+NaOH→NaF+H20,將電池粉碎。該處理方法能有效減少HF的產(chǎn)生,但不能實現(xiàn)氟化電解液的回收。


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