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低溫對鋰電池性能有哪些影響?

2022-06-27

鋰電池

鋰電池的充放電性能會受到溫度的影響,其電化學(xué)反應(yīng)與環(huán)境溫度有關(guān),電極/電解液界面被視為電池的心臟。低溫會降低電解質(zhì)粘度、電導(dǎo)率、活性物質(zhì)的活性,使電解液的濃度差變大,極化增強,使充電提前終止。溫度的降低,還會使電極反應(yīng)速度下降。如果電池電壓不變,放電電流減小,電池的輸出功率也會減小。

磷酸鐵鋰電池是電動汽車中應(yīng)用廣泛的電池,其安全性高、使用壽命長。但它存在一個致命的缺點,其低溫性能略遜于其他電池。低溫對磷酸鐵鋰的正負(fù)極、電解液和膠粘劑均有影響。由于正極本身電子導(dǎo)電性差,在低溫下容易產(chǎn)生極化,從而降低電池容量;電解液粘度會因低溫而增加,鋰離子遷移阻抗也會增加。另外,在磷酸鐵鋰的生產(chǎn)過程中,粘接劑也是一個非常關(guān)鍵的因素,低溫也會對粘接劑的性能產(chǎn)生很大的影響。

在低溫下充電或使用鋰電池前,需要對電池預(yù)加熱。BMS可以通過外部加熱和內(nèi)部加熱兩種方式對電池進(jìn)行加熱。外部加熱方式包括空氣加熱、液體加熱、相變材料加熱、熱阻加熱器或熱泵加熱。這些加熱方法通常位于電池組或設(shè)置在熱循環(huán)介質(zhì)的容器中。內(nèi)部加熱法是通過交流電流刺激電池內(nèi)部的電化學(xué)材料加熱電池,使電池本身產(chǎn)生熱量。


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