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淺談聚合物鋰電池的液體電解質(zhì)

2022-06-23

聚合物鋰電池

鋰離子電池的電解質(zhì)對電池性能影響很大,電解質(zhì)的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定要求很高,特別是在較高的電勢和溫度環(huán)境下,不容易分解,具有較高的離子電導(dǎo)率,正極和負(fù)極材料必須是惰性的,不能浸出。

由于鋰離子電池的高充放電電位和鋰嵌在負(fù)極材料中的高化學(xué)活性,要求電解液為有機(jī)化合物,并且不能有水。但因?yàn)橛袡C(jī)離子的導(dǎo)電性差,因此需要在有機(jī)溶劑中添加可溶性導(dǎo)電鹽,以提高離子的導(dǎo)電性。

目前,鋰離子電池主要采用液態(tài)電解質(zhì),其溶劑為無水有機(jī)物,市場上大多數(shù)采用混合溶劑。常見的有機(jī)液體電解質(zhì)一般為1molL鋰/混合碳酸鹽溶劑體系。適用于鋰離子電池的電解液作為電荷傳遞和質(zhì)量傳遞過程的介質(zhì),一般應(yīng)滿足以下要求:

1、溫度范圍寬,高電導(dǎo)率,好在(1~2)× 10-3s /cm以上,鋰離子遷移次數(shù)要高;

2、液溫范圍寬,至少在-20~80℃范圍內(nèi)是液溫;

3、化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性好,與電極活性物質(zhì)、液集、隔膜等不發(fā)生反應(yīng);

4、與電極材料相容性好,能形成穩(wěn)定有效的鈍化膜;

5、良好的電化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,高的分解電壓,降低電池自放電和工作時(shí)電池內(nèi)部壓力增加。

以上要求是鋰離子電池低內(nèi)阻、長壽命、高安全性的重要保證。鋰鹽、有機(jī)溶劑和電解質(zhì)溶液的選擇決定了電池的循環(huán)效率、工作電壓、工作溫度和儲(chǔ)存壽命,是鋰離子電池發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一。從某種意義上說,液體電解質(zhì)對鋰離子電池的性能起著決定性的作用。


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